Egypt

= **E g y p t ** = //"The gift of the Nile"// =Art = ** Social/Culture ** =**Political** = =**Religion** = =**Ideas/Technology** = =**Trade/Economy** = =**Environment** =
 * Royal Tombs for the Pharaohs: decorated by stories of the journey to the underworld
 * **__Pyramids__**--large, triangular stone monument, burial place for the King. Held the idea that proper burial of the ruler would ensure a continuous prosperous life in the otherworld.
 * Status of wealth & power but no definite social structure
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 38px;">Women still subordinate to men, but treaded equally and respectfully, still lacked in some rights (can't own or give property), but overall, much better off than Mesopotamian women
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Marriage monogamous: man or woman could end the relationship; women had rights over her dowry
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px;">Have Taxes
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 38px;">Hierarchy:
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 38px;">Pharaoh & High-ranking officials
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 38px;">Local leaders & priests & professionals & artisans & farmers
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 38px;">Peasants (majority of population)--did agricultural work (sowing, plowing, reaping...) maintained irrigation channels, basins and dikes
 * <span style="color: #0a0505; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">Monarchy/ Isolationists/Not a big military: fairly vulnerable
 * <span style="color: #0a0505; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">**__Pharaoh__**--"Ruler of the Two Lands": the central figure in the ancient Egyptian state, revered as a God on earth: a link between the people & their God, absolute power to maintain Egypt's prosperity & safety.
 * <span style="color: #0a0505; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">**__Ma'at__**--'order'--Egyptian term for divinely maintained & created order in the universe: Pharaoh's mission on Earth sent from the Gods is to 'maintain order.'
 * <span style="color: #0a0505; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">Upper & Lower Egypt united early
 * <span style="color: #0a0505; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">**__Memphis__**--capital of the Old Kingdom of Egypt near head of the Nile Delta, central power base
 * <span style="color: #0a0505; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">__**Thebes**__--Capital city of Egypt during the Middle & New Kingdom
 * <span style="color: #060404; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">Journey to the Afterlife--BIG DEAL--large Pyramids for the Kings of Egypt--given supplies for journey after death
 * <span style="color: #060404; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">Had many Gods: Sun God Ra, Osiris, Isis, Seth, Horus: depicted with animal heads
 * <span style="color: #060404; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">Believed in the Underworld
 * <span style="color: #060404; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">Prepared the dead for their journey: mummificationThe Egyptian Book of the Dead: rituals and spells to protect the spirit
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**__ Mummy __** --dehydrated body, preserved body in chemicals, vital organs in jars, wrapped in linen
 * <span style="color: #060404; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">Judgement: weighing of the spirit's heart to determine where the spirit would end up
 * <span style="color: #060404; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">Pyramids constructed for Kings--prepared way before death--filled with treasures
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">PAPER & HIEROGLYPHICS, Sails, ropes, nets for fish, dams, irrigation channels, pottery, levers, pulleys, rollers...
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">**__Hieroglyphics__**--a system of writing through symbolic pictures, used for monumental inscriptions, a select few Scribes and administrators were literate in hieroglyphs
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">**__Papyrus__**--a reed that grows on banks of Nile River, paper was created from this and used by many in ancient Mediterranean & Middle East--great trade!!!
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">Mummification & doctors--knowledge of human anatomy
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">Mathematics--measure fields, calculate quantity of agricultural produce owed to the state
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">Used stars to predict floods
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">Government had monopoly over economy & long distance trade.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">Focus on Trade instead of conquering: coastal trading: import (cedar wood, gold, incenses, ivory, dark ebony wood, exoticanimals) & export (grain, papyrus, gold)
 * <span style="color: #030202; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">Isolated by natural barriers of desert (Sahara) and sea marsh
 * <span style="color: #030202; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">Created a unique culture
 * <span style="color: #030202; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">Did not have much affect on other civilizations for some time
 * <span style="color: #030202; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">**__The Nile__**--world's longest river-floods-provides nutrients and new silt for Egyptians' plantations
 * <span style="color: #030202; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">Most of Egypt's population lived along the river
 * <span style="color: #030202; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 31px;">Means of travel & communication
 * <span style="color: #030202; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**__Nile Valley__**-fertile ground people moved to when Sahara became too dry. [[image:h2_30_3_31.jpg caption="Ancient Hieroglyphs, the balance & judgement of a soul's heart"]][[image:h2_86_1_1,_2.jpg caption="Sarcophagus "]]